CSN Rural Injury Prevention Resource Center

Snowmobiles and Youth 

Background
Most previous research regarding snowmobile injuries was conducted prior to the advent of today's sleds that offer increased stability and durability, high speeds, and good visibility.
A snowmobile can weigh up to 600 pounds and some performance sleds can travel at speeds in excess of 90 miles per hour. At 90 miles per hour, a snowmobile moves at 131 feet per second. With a standard reaction time of 1.5 seconds, a snowmobile will travel 195 feet before coming to a stop.
The number of snowmobile operators in the United States is difficult to determine because there are no uniform requirements for licensure.
In 1996, there were more than 1.3 million registered snowmobiles in the United States. Approximately 56% of all registered snowmobiles in the U.S. are registered in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.1
The effect of snowmobile safety education for children younger than 16 years on the risk of snowmobile-related injury has not been reported in the literature.
Children are at risk for snowmobile-related injury from being the operator, bystander, or passenger. Pediatric snowmobile-related injuries are often a result of risk-taking behavior of the parent (excessive speed, alcohol use, and night-time driving) during snowmobile operation.2

Population at Risk
Males younger than 16 years are more than three times as likely as females of the same age to sustain a snowmobile-related injury.3

National Injury Estimates
During 1995, there were 16,226 snowmobile-related injuries in all age groups. Twenty-percent of snowmobile-related injuries occurred to persons younger than 16 years.3
From January 1993 to December 1995, there were 10,628 snowmobile-related injuries to children younger than 16 years. The cost of injuries for the three-year period was $84,230,000 or $7,925 per injury.3
Among children treated for snowmobile-related injuries, the most commonly treated areas include the lower extremities (32%) and head/neck (23%).3

Risk Factors and Severity
Studies from the United States, Canada, and Sweden conclude that careless snowmobile operation is a factor contributing to snowmobile injury. Other contributing factors include the use of alcohol, excessive speeds, suboptimal lighting, drowning, and lack of protection of head and limbs.4-9
The most common mechanisms of injury (for all age groups) are falls off the machine and collisions.4,7,8
The number of children who lose control of their snowmobiles and are injured suggests that a certain level of skill is required to operate snowmobiles. Children are often not properly trained and may be too small to control the weight, speed, and power of a snowmobile.5
In a case-control study of snowmobile operators involved in fatal crashes, there was a fourfold greater use of alcohol than those injured fatally operating a motor vehicle or motorcycle.6
The percentage of alcohol-impaired fatalities in snowmobiling is greater than fatalities associated with any other vehicle-related trauma. 14

Studies from Canada report that alcohol use by children is not commonly associated with snowmobile-related injuries to children.5
A profile of snowmobile club members previously involved in a snowmobile-related crash involving personal injury or property damage revealed modifiable factors of high speeds on lakes and trails (greater than 90 km/hr), excessive alcohol consumption (average of three or more drinks per sitting and a history of heavy alcohol intake), and lack of driver experience.12
Children younger than 16 years who received treatment for an injury were more commonly injured as passengers, less likely to be wearing a helmet, and more likely to be struck by another motor vehicle when compared to snowmobilers over 16 years who were treated for snowmobile-related injuries.6
Studies in selected geographical regions of North America suggest children are involved in between 10 to 25.5 percent of all snowmobile-related injuries. Data across studies cannot be analyzed because of differences in variables such as time frames, geographic regions, and age categories.3,7,10, 12-15
The American Academy of Pediatrics states that operating snowmobiles is inappropriate for children younger than 16 years.17
The Canadian Paediatric Society states that off-road vehicles should be banned for use by children under 14 years of age.18

References
1. American Council of Snowmobile Associations, Inc. State Snowmobile Registration Report, January 1997.
2. Rowe B, Milner R, Johnson C, Bota G. Snowmobile-related deaths in Ontario: a 5-year review. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1992; 146(2):147-152.
3. United States Consumer Product Safety Commission. Snowmobiles age 0-15 CY93 to 95 product injury priority list. Unpublished raw data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Washington DC 1996.
4. Hamdy CR, Dhir A, Cameron B, Jones H, Fitzgerald GWN. Snowmobile injuries in northern Newfoundland and Labrador: an 18-year review. The Journal of Trauma 1988; 28(8):1235.
5. Pyper JA, Black GB. Orthopaedic injuries in children associated with the use of off-road vehicles. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, February 1988; 70A(2):275.
6. Rowe, B, Milner R, Johnson C, Bota G. The association of alcohol and night driving with fatal snowmobile trauma: a case-control study. Annals of Emergency Medicine, November 1994; 24(5): 842-848.
7. Sundström I, Zetterquist H, Bjönstig U. Snowmobile injuries in Kiruna, northern Sweden. Arctic Medical Research 1994; 53:189-195.
8. James EC, Lenz JO, Swenson WM, Cooley AM, Gomez YL, Antonenko DR. Snowmobile trauama: an eleven year experience. The American Surgeon, June 1991;57:349-353.
9. CDC. Injuries and deaths associated with use of snowmobiles-Maine 1991-1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. January 10, 1997; 46(1): 1-4
10. Rowe B and Bota G. Serious snowmobile trauma in a northern Ontario community: a case series. Annals of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, December 1991; 24(7).
11. Unpublished raw data from the Michigan State Police (Office of Highway Safety for snow seasons 1990-91 through 1993-94.
12. Rowe BH, Caverson R, Therrien SA, Bota GW, Saythe C, Geisbrecht N. Snowmobilers in a northeastern Ontario community: a survey of characteristics, injury profiles, and strategies for injury prevention. Addiction Research Foundation 1994.
13. CDC. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Injuries associated with the use of snowmobiles-New Hampshire, 1989-1992. January 13, 1995; 44(1):1-3.
14. Gabert T, Stueland DT. Recreational Injuries and deaths in northern Wisconsin: analysis of injuries and fatalities from snowmobiles over 3 years. Wisconsin Medical Journal, December 1993; 671-675.
15. Rowe BH, Therrien SA, Bretzlaff J, Bota GW. Summary of children injured while snowmobiling in Sudbury. (Unpublished)
16. Postl BD, Moffatt MEK, Black GB, Cameron CB. Injuries and deaths associated with off-road recreational vehicles among children in Manitoba. Canadian Medical Association Journal, August 1987; 137:297-300.
17. American Academy of Pediatrics. Snowmobile statement. Pediatrics November 1988; 82(5):798.
18. Canadian Paediatric Society. Two-, three- and four-wheel unlicensed off-road vehicles. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1987; 136:119-120.

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